1
REVISTA
CIENCIA Y
DESARROLLO
Instituto Superior Tecnolรณgico Riobamba
4ta
ediciรณn ISSN: 2960-8295
Esta obra estรก bajo una Licencia Creative Commons
Atribuciรณn-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr
Merino, E. C. M. (2024). Gestiรณn administrativa de los institutos de educaciรณn superior. Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo.
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr/article/view/56
GESTIร“N ADMINISTRATIVA DE LOS INSTITUTOS DE EDUCACIร“N
SUPERIOR
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTES
RESUMEN ABSTRACT
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ-
๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ฐ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™น๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–-
๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–-
๎™†๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•-
๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•-
๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„-
๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–-
๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜‘
PALABRAS CLAVE: ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘
KEYWORDS: ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™„-
๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ-
๎™๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎˜จ๎˜ฌ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎™’๎™•-
๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๏ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜จ๎˜ฌ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™’๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎˜๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™-
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™„๏ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•-
๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜จ๎˜ฌ๎™–๎˜‘
๏‡๎˜ƒ๏‘Œ๎˜ค๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜“๎˜›๎˜›๎˜ฃ๎™Š๎™๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™
Artรญculo de Revisiรณn
๎˜จ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ฐ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๏‘Œ๎˜ƒ๏‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™๎˜›
๏‘Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜’๎˜“๎˜›๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—
๎˜ค๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜”๎˜’๎˜”๎˜”๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—
๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜•๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—
๎˜•
REVISTA
CIENCIA Y
DESARROLLO
Instituto Superior Tecnolรณgico Riobamba
4ta
ediciรณn ISSN: 2960-8295
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr
Merino, E. C. M. (2024). Gestiรณn administrativa de los institutos de educaciรณn superior. Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo.
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr/article/view/56
INTRODUCCIร“N
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™“๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜-
๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ-
๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ-
๎™๎™’๎™†๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™ด๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™‡๎™น๎™ธ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›-
๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™ฐ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’-
๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™œ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•-
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎™…๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘-
๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™’-
๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™Œ-
๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™’๎™๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜-
๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™•๎™ด๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ-
๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ-
๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ-
๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜-
๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜-
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™†๎™ด๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™‰๎™ด๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™–๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™˜๎™‘๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„-
๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘-
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™Š๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’-
๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™•๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™˜-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ-
๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„-
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎™…๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜–
REVISTA
CIENCIA Y
DESARROLLO
Instituto Superior Tecnolรณgico Riobamba
4ta
ediciรณn ISSN: 2960-8295
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr
Merino, E. C. M. (2024). Gestiรณn administrativa de los institutos de educaciรณn superior. Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo.
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr/article/view/56
๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™‰๎™ด๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ-
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„-
๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ-
๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘-
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†-
๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’-
๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎™ฐ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•-
๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ฉ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™‘-
๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™น๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ-
๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ-
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘-
๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ-
๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™พ๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎šข๎˜ฆ๎™น๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘-
๎›€๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ-
๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ข๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ฐ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™-
๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™Œ๎™•๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™–-
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’-
๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„-
๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎˜‘
METODOLOGรA
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„-
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜-
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™˜๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎™น๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™“๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™พ๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘-
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ-
๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™…๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™พ๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™…๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ-
๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡-
๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ-
๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™ธ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜—
REVISTA
CIENCIA Y
DESARROLLO
Instituto Superior Tecnolรณgico Riobamba
4ta
ediciรณn ISSN: 2960-8295
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr
Merino, E. C. M. (2024). Gestiรณn administrativa de los institutos de educaciรณn superior. Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo.
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr/article/view/56
๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡-
๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ-
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™’๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ-
๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฐ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ถ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’-
๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIร“N
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’-
๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•-
๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„-
๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡-
๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ด๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™๎™Œ-
๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™น๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™-
๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘
Tabla 1
Gestiรณn administrativa (plani๎šฟcaciรณn y organizaciรณn)
Nota. ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜Œ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™น๎™๎™Œ-
๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜‘
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„-
๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’-
๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜˜
REVISTA
CIENCIA Y
DESARROLLO
Instituto Superior Tecnolรณgico Riobamba
4ta
ediciรณn ISSN: 2960-8295
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr
Merino, E. C. M. (2024). Gestiรณn administrativa de los institutos de educaciรณn superior. Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo.
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr/article/view/56
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ-
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™น๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„-
๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘
Tabla 2
Gestiรณn administrativa(direcciรณn , control y desarrollo organizacio-
nal)
Nota. ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„-
๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ-
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–-
๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘-
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘-
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™„-
๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’-
๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜‘
Tabla 3
Coe๎šฟciente de Correlaciรณn de Spearman
Nota.๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’-
๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’-
๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎ ก๎˜ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎ ก๎˜ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜›๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™“๎˜Ÿ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ-
๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜™
REVISTA
CIENCIA Y
DESARROLLO
Instituto Superior Tecnolรณgico Riobamba
4ta
ediciรณn ISSN: 2960-8295
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr
Merino, E. C. M. (2024). Gestiรณn administrativa de los institutos de educaciรณn superior. Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo.
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr/article/view/56
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„-
๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•-
๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ ก๎˜ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜š๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„-
๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ ก๎˜ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜›๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ-
๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™“๎˜Ÿ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ ก๎˜ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎ ก๎˜ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘-
๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™-
๎™Š๎™’๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ ก๎˜ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜Ÿ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘-
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡-
๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎ ก๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™„-
๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜›๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™“๎˜Ÿ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ด๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘
CONCLUSIONES
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„-
๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’-
๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•-
๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–-
๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ-
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ-
๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„-
๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„-
๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ด๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ-
๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’-
๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
DECLARACIร“N DE CONFLICTO
DE INTERESES
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎›€๎™Œ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRรFICAS
๎˜ค๎™Š๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ-
๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™น๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜š
REVISTA
CIENCIA Y
DESARROLLO
Instituto Superior Tecnolรณgico Riobamba
4ta
ediciรณn ISSN: 2960-8295
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr
Merino, E. C. M. (2024). Gestiรณn administrativa de los institutos de educaciรณn superior. Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo.
http://istriobamba.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/revistacienciaydesarrollo_istr/article/view/56
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™–๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™—๎™Œ-
๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜š๎˜›๎˜”๎˜”๎˜’๎™†๎™๎™‚๎™•๎™†๎™๎˜‘๎™™๎˜›๎™Œ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜—๎˜›๎˜œ
๎˜ค๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜ท๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™’๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜š๎˜›๎˜”๎˜”๎˜’๎™†๎™๎™‚๎™•๎™†๎™๎˜‘๎™™๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜–
๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ-
๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ถ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ถ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜“๎˜™๎˜š๎˜’๎˜ถ๎˜“๎˜š๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜“๎˜š๎˜™๎˜—๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜˜
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ด๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜—๎˜›๎˜‘
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ด๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎™…๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜—๎˜›๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™’๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜-
๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜›๎˜’๎™•๎™“๎˜‘๎™™๎™’๎™๎˜œ๎˜‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜•๎˜–๎˜“๎˜”
๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™’๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎™…๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜-
๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜›๎˜’๎™•๎™“๎˜‘๎™™๎™’๎™๎˜œ๎˜‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜•๎˜–๎˜“๎˜”
๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎˜ฒ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ฏ๎˜ฒ๎˜ช๎›‹๎˜ค๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜จ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฑ๎˜น๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜ช๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎›๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜ค๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜ธ๎˜ท๎˜ค๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ธ๎˜ค๎˜ฑ๎˜ท๎˜ฌ-
๎˜ท๎˜ค๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ธ๎˜ค๎˜ฏ๎˜ฌ๎˜ท๎˜ค๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ฌ๎˜ป๎˜ท๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™•๎™„๎™š๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™Œ๎™๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜–๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘
๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™‡๎™น๎™ธ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™ธ๎™’๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘-
๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜-
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™—๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜—๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜‘
๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™’๎™๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™ธ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™’๎™๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™ธ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„-
๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎™–๎™๎™‡๎˜‘๎™†๎™˜๎˜’๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎™“๎™‹๎™“๎˜ข๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎˜ ๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™‚๎™„๎™…๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎˜‰๎™“๎™Œ-
๎™‡๎˜ ๎˜ถ๎˜“๎˜›๎˜™๎˜—๎˜๎˜•๎˜”๎˜—๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‰๎™๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‰๎™‘๎™•๎™๎˜ ๎™Œ-
๎™–๎™’๎˜‰๎™—๎™๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ ๎™ˆ๎™–
๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™†๎™ด๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎™ฐ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎™„๎™๎™“๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™ด๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ-
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™พ๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜–๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜š๎˜•๎˜•๎˜›๎˜’
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™‚๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎™™๎˜•๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜™๎˜š
๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ธ๎˜จ๎˜ต๎˜จ๎˜ฆ๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜พ๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎™…๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™’๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜–๎˜–๎˜š
๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–-
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘
๎˜น๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ-
๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™†-
๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘
๎˜น๎™ฉ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’-
๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ฉ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™“๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜จ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜•๎˜š๎˜›๎˜‘